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In the centre the US 3rd Division attacked towards Mignano on 31 October, penetrating the centre of the Barbara Line. Help - F.A.Q. The Allies had three possible routes to Rome. The Allies now controlled the approaches to the Gustav Line. The first large scale attack, by six battalions,  came on 17 February, by which time the defenders had recovered from the shock of the raid. From the outside this resembled a medieval fortress looming over the valley with thick walls and small windows, and many of the Allied troops fighting in the valley below believed that the Germans were at least using it as an observation post. The Germans now had two armies south of Rome, the 10th Army at Cassino and the 14th Army at Anzio. This first phase of the battle ended on 13 November after Clark asked for a pause to allow his units to recuperate. However the unexpectedly prolonged battle around the Salerno beachhead helped to support Kesselring’s belief that he could successfully defend a series of lines in southern Italy. The first German defensive line north of Naples followed the line of the Volturno River in the west, running across the flat plains north of Naples, then into more hilly territory east of Capua and then crossing the Apennines. The primary Gustav Line ran across Italy from just north of where the Garigliano River flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea in the west, through the Apennine Mountains to the mouth of the Sangro River on the Adriatic coast in the east. The first break in this line came near the coast, where the British 7th Armoured Division reached Monte Massico on 31 October and broke through to the Garigliano. Books. Other articles where Gustav Line is discussed: World War II: The Allies’ invasion of Italy and the Italian volte-face, 1943: …notable impression on the Germans’ Gustav Line, which ran for 100 miles from the mouth of the Garigliano through Cassino and over the Apennines to the mouth of the Sangro. Maeve finds herself in a new park and meets a ghost from the past; Bernard makes his way back to Westworld. Over the next few days it began to become clear that this wouldn’t be the case, and in early October the movement of Rommel’s troops was detected. An attempt to get tanks into the battle on 19 March using a route cut into the mountains achieved surprise, but the tanks were soon knocked out. They were able to launch a small scale attack that evening, and another one on 16 February, but both were repulsed. Aftermath Please note: it is recommended this first stage is started first thing in the morning and is not recommended for solo or inexperienced trekkers. Drive Up to the Gustav Line. The original German plan had been to withdraw to the north of Italy, and defend a line from Pisa to Rimini, which the Allies would find hard to outflank by sea, and which was the most northerly line that could be used to keep the Allies off the Po plains. This also passed through a band of mountains, but if the Allies could get past Cassino they would enter the wider and flatter Liri valley, which would given them a direct route past the Alban Hills to Rome. The Volturno line was cleared by 19 October. These became known to the Allies as the Winter Line, but were made up of three defensive lines. Some sources consider the Winter Line to be separate from the Gustav Line. The US 2nd Corps (85th and 88th) Divisions would attack across the Garigliano near the coast and attempt to advance up Highway 7 (the old Appian Way) heading for Anzio. On the mountain the Indians got to within 250 yards of the monastery, which was now garrisoned by the Germans, but were unable to make any more progress. The New Zealanders also struggled to make any progress, and on 18 February the attack was called off. For a few days it looked as if Clark’s disobedience had thrown away the chance of a major victory, but his men then found a gap in the German lines at Monte Artemisio, which fell between two units, neither of which had garrisoned it properly. DJ Clayworth 19:09, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC) The Germans appeared to talk about the Winter Line when Kesselring's strategy was being proposed i.e. On the left the 46th Division had more luck, establishing two battalions across the river, but even here a third battalion was defeated. General Clark planned a three pronged assault to break the Gustav Line. At that point two divisions would land at Anzio to try and cut off the retreating Germans. The Allied attack on the German defensive lines thus went ahead as planned. Alexander and Clarke remained in their positions. It was the strongest of the German defensive lines south of Rome. Rain, flooded rivers, and high casualties, as well as the departure of General Montgomery, all put a halt to Allied plans until the spring of 1944. The third battle of Cassino was almost a re-run of the second battle. When Eisenhower made the decision to move north, he was commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean Theatre. Eisenhower was then summoned back to Britain to take command of Operation Overlord, and was replaced by the British General Sir H. Maitland Wilson. They were split into two - the British Eighth Army under Montgomery and the US Fifth Army under General Mark Clarke. The offensive on the Bernhardt line was launched on December 1, 1943, as part of Operation Raincoat. At this point the Enigma intercepts actually mislead the Allies, as they were intercepting high level discussions of the plans for a retreat to the north. General Truscott, who had replaced Lucas at Anzio, began his attack on 23 May. The battles of the Winter Line or Gustav Line (12 January-18 May 1944) were the most important battles of the Italian campaign, and saw the Germans under Kesselring keep the Allies pinned down south of Rome from the autumn of 1943 until the summer of 1944. British and American troops took the terrain around Monte Camino and the Mingano Gap within a week and a half of launching the assault but German operations persisted in the area for months. It followed the Liri Valley and was anchored around the mountains behind the town of Cassino. The most famous position in the Gustav Line was at Casino, where the town and monastery hill blocked the entrance to the more open ground of the Liri valley. Cisterna fell on 25 May, and he then prepared to advance towards Valmontone, where he also expected to cut off the Germans. The U.S. 5th Army was held up in front of these positions through the winter of 1943-44. The Allies now planned a two pronged assault on the Gustav Line. The base of the thick walls were left intact, so the raid had failed to achieve its main aim. The Allied armies in Italy formed the 15th Army Group under General Alexander. After one last attack on 22 March Alexander cancelled the offensive. It took the Allies from mid-November 1943 to June 1944 to fight through all the various elements of the Winter Line, including the well-known battles at Monte Cassino and Anzio. Gustav Line. Second Battle of Cassino Once that was underway the Fifth Army would break the Bernhardt and Gustav Lines and advance up the Liri Valley. The Winter Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organisation Todt. About 15 German divisions were employed in the defence. The Allies also lost a number of their best units. The second battle of Cassino was the most controversial of the three, as it started with the destruction by bombing of the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino. So find the square root of negative one, and don’t take too long, here are five thoughts on Westworld season three, episode two: “The Winter Line.” 1. Finally the 2nd Polish Corps would attack Monte Cassino from the north. The fourth battle of Cassino had cost both sides a similar number of men - 40,000 Allied casualties and 38,000 German. Fourth Battle of Cassino The main line was the Gustav Line, which ran from close to the mouth of the Garigliano River in the west to the mouth of the Sangro River in the east (with the main position a few miles to the north of the Sangro). By 5 November the British were in place to attack the Bernhardt Line. The attack on the Bernhardt Line resumed on 1 December as part of a much large Allied offensive across Italy. The first American troops made Clark’s triumphant entry into the city on 4 June, earning him two days of good publicity before the D-Day landings of 6 June pushed Italy out of the headlines. The Canadian Corps would attack just to the north of the Rapido and Liri Rivers. The key breakthrough came on the French front. On 7 October Eisenhower informed the Combined Chiefs of Staff that the battle for Rome would be ‘hard and bitter’. It would take four battles before the Allies were finally able to break the German lines around Cassino, while the landings at Anzio failed to live up to expectations, and the troops there soon found themselves besieged by the Germans instead of threatening their supply lines. They could advance up the Adriatic coast to Pescara and then cross the Apennines from there, a very difficult route. Reaching the Gustav Line near Cassino on January 15, 1944, the US Fifth Army immediately began preparations to assault the German positions.

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